According to accounts given by the survivors of the clash, a large number of Chinese PLA troops came in an armoured personnel carrier and soon started dropping down due to lack of oxygen at 16000 feet when the fisticuffs began between the two armies. If lack of oxygen did not get them, then the frozen Galwan river did the job.

The CAPF consists of seven forces — Assam Rifles (AR), Border Security Force (BSF), Central Industrial Security Force (CISF) Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF), Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP), National Security Guard (NSG), Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB)— that come under the authority of the MHA.

The jets — the first of the 36 Rafale jets purchased from French firm Dassault in a government-to-governent deal worth Rs 59,000 crore in September 2016 — have been specially tailored for IAF.

Air Chief Marshal Bhadauria conveyed warm greetings and heartiest congratulations to Retired Squadron Leader Dalip Singh Majithia on behalf of all air warriors, the IAF said.

https://twitter.com/i/status/1287739242982985730

Gurdwara Shahidi Asthan is a historical shrine built at the spot where Bhai Taru Singh was injured fatally in 1745

Amid the standoff on the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in June, China responded to India’s charges of what is euphemistically called ‘changing the status quo’ with denials and counter-accusations. But satellite images taken a week after the 15 June brutal clash in the Galwan Valley in Ladakh, that aggravated the weeks-old tension between the two countries among various friction points along the de facto border, clearly demonstrated barefaced Chinese aggression. This was the prelude to the untenable claim that the whole area belongs to China.

Also read: India has two options with stubborn China. The better one involves taking the battle to them

The menacing dimensions of China’s rise as a global power were on full display during the border stand-off. While China continues pays lip-service to “jointly work for de-escalation” to bring “peace and tranquility” along the border, the actual de-escalation on the ground has, it is widely believed, resulted in India losing territory in the Galwan Valley as well as elsewhere in Pangong Lake and Depsang Plains, close to India’s strategically-important Daulat Beg Oldie post near Karakoram Pass,  in the region, giving the Chinese People’s Liberation Army a position of huge military and tactical advantage.

Indeed, the Chinese, after deliberately creating misconceptions and then springing surprise attacks on its perceived enemy, India, then took the corollary step of landgrab at multiple locations. This is how China changes the facts on the ground, as India has alleged. The world has been witnessing such deception after the Xi Jinping era began in 2012, as China set about pressing land and maritime boundary claims using a skewed sense of history and sovereignty.

India realised the magnitude of danger the Chinese territorial aggrandisement posed during the 2017 Doklam standoff between the two nations and began executing military infrastructure upgrades along the border to mirror China’s own buildup and aggression, much to Beijing’s resentment and animosity. The latest tension along the LAC occurred as China repeated its skullduggery of the past two years — pushing territorial claims and refusing to vacate the occupied land.

The latest escalation and the de-escalation process are a dire portent for India. But by cementing its occupation along LAC as it has done, China is signaling India not only to refrain from buttressing its military capabilities along the border but also that its incursions will continue. It is a signal meant to warn that China will assert its claims by intimidating and bullying India as it does other neighbours, even as it attempts to build a network of client states in South Asia selling its Belt and Road Initiative, of which the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor that will pass through areas claimed by India is a key project.

Also read: India must allow armed forces to raise own finances. Defence budget will never be enough

The summitry between Prime Minister Narendra Modi and President Xi appears to have done little to moderate China’s belligerent behaviour. The chaos and confusion has shaken the Modi government because it did not expect personal diplomacy with great powers, in which it has invested heavily, to fail spectacularly in the case of China. The government knows that military confrontation with China would be unlike the one with Pakistan, where cross-border terrorism makes a retaliation enjoy greater domestic popularity and international legitimacy. The poorly demarcated and often undefined nature of the LAC might bring India to pull punches or risk an undesirable escalation with China, given the economic, military and diplomatic asymmetry between the two.

It is unlikely that the Chinese will ease their pressure along the disputed border, as it gives Beijing a military, diplomatic and political lever over India when New Delhi crosses a line in economic and foreign policy decision-making. Standing up to Chinese threat calls for deft diplomacy and recalibration of ties with Beijing on India’s part while remaining on its guard. However, if China is intent on annexing more territory in the Ladakh manner in future using brute force and trickery, it could spark more clashes, risking a limited or even full-blown war.

If a limited or even full-blown war comes to pass, India might have to reckon with a grim reality where it has been thrust into fighting a two-front war: on its northern (China) and western (Pakistan) borders. It is a clear and present danger it confronts.

Though Pakistan did not threaten India during the months-long Doklam standoff in 2017, the Indian Army had acknowledged since then that a two-front war is a likely scenario. In 2018, the then Army chief Gen Bipin Rawat, now the Chief of Defence Staff, has observed that a two-front war is a real scenario and India’s military is very much prepared for such an eventuality. In January this year, Army chief Gen Manoj Mukund Naravane reiterated that position, saying “we have to balance out our requirements and deployment to cater to threats from both the West and the North. Earlier the focus was only on western front. We feel now that both western and northern front is equally important and that is why we are re-balancing.”

Indeed, it is foolish to expect the impetuous army generals in Pakistan who indirectly control the country to remain indolent when India, which they consider their arch enemy, is in peril. China may even instigate Pakistan, the so-called all-weather friend but for all intents and purposes, its puppet. Both have found a common cause on India’s scrapping of special constitutional status to Jammu & Kashmir and bifurcation of the state. Pakistani generals pride themselves as shrewd and clever, having successfully executed, for decades, their double-dealing in Afghanistan while also keeping the unrest alive in Kashmir using jihadi terrorist groups. Yet, they also know the historical fact that a war with India is unwinnable. Profiting from a Sino-India conflict would be the easy way for them to torment and humiliate India with a double smackdown and to obtain maximum territorial advantage in Kashmir. As one expert has observed, even the parlous economic situation the country continually faced would not deter it. Therefore, Pakistan might be tempted to turn its covert war of thousand cuts to overt, or at least a Kargil-style one.

Also read: In Rahul Gandhi, Jaishankar picks an easy target. Modi govt’s real task is to push China back

However, in spite of the official posture about India’s ability to fight a two-front war, it is likely India would find odds stacked heavily against it, more so as both adversaries are nuclear-armed. Questions are being raised about the viability and efficacy of the effort, as in the case of the crucial 17 Mountain Strike Corps. We have to bear in mind that a war with each country — with China in 1962 and with Pakistan in the Kargil confrontation in 1999 — had shattered many comforting myths our military top brass and political leadership believed in as viable strategy and plan until then. Complete intelligence failure, poor operational preparedness, lack of coordination, faulty or outdated weaponry, weak military infrastructure, political indecision, the list is long.

Following Mao’s dictum, keeping the two-front war option open could be the next Chinese gambit to deliberately create misconceptions about its intentions and then spring surprise attacks to make territorial gains over India. Therefore, it is crucial that India devotes substantial strategic thinking to prepare a verifiable blueprint to successfully wage and survive a two-front war.

Rajiv Jayaram is a New Delhi based researcher and journalist. Views are personal.

The article was first published on the Observer Research Foundation website.

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Months before the India-China war in 1962, an Army platoon held on to a post in Galwan despite being surrounded. The Chinese later moved back by about 200 m.

New Delhi: As India and China initiated disengagement steps in Eastern Ladakh, especially in the Galwan Valley, after 61 days of face-off along the Line of Actual Control (LAC), an old newspaper clipping made its way to social media. The headline of the report from 15 July 1962, three months before the India-China war, read, “Chinese Troops Withdraw from Galwan Post”.

The clipping is still being widely shared online, including in WhatsApp groups, by serving officers.

The old report gained relevance because government sources were gung-ho about the disengagement this time around while the Army was extremely cautious, following a policy of “trust but verify”.

The disengagement process that started in the Galwan Valley earlier this month was the second attempt by India and China to step back from their confrontation that has triggered fears of a larger conflict. The first attempt last month ended in a bloody clash near the Y Junction in Galwan on 15 June, leading to the death of 20 Indian soldiers and undisclosed casualties on the Chinese side.

The social media posts sharing the 1962 news report sought to draw a parallel with the latest border standoff. However, the events 58 years ago were vastly different.

Also read: India-China corps commanders talks today to focus on Pangong, to be toughest round yet

How the headline came about

China’s annexation of Tibet, building of a road network in Aksai Chin and the Jawaharlal Nehru government’s ‘Forward Policy’ — under which the Army was tasked with the objective of moving closer to the border and setting up posts to prevent the Chinese from coming in and laying claim to India’s territory — led to a war in October 1962.

But months before that, the Galwan operation by an Army platoon remains a story of great courage and determination despite the harsh terrain and weather.

In accordance with the Forward Policy, the platoon managed to reach the Galwan Valley in the early summer of 1962 and set up a post on 5 July. The soldiers were from the 1/8 Gorkha Regiment who were brought into the Ladakh sector.

Four battalions were posted in Ladakh but the numbers were inadequate to defend the front, covering nearly 480 km from Daulat Beg Oldi (DBO) in the north to Demchok in the south.

So, nearly 36 posts were created with a strength of just 10-20 soldiers each in forward locations. These posts were set up to show presence and to deter Chinese from coming further in.

However, the Galwan Post played two roles. While it established Indian presence in the Valley, it also cut the line of communication to a Chinese post further down.

Unlike how soldiers are flown in via helicopters now or driven down to the confluence of the Shyok and Galwan rivers, the soldiers in 1962 had to walk long distances in harsh terrain and poor clothing to establish the post.

Speaking to ThePrint, former Northern Army Commander Lieutenant General H.S. Panag (Retd) said there are two routes from the area of Hot Springs and Gogra Post. One goes to the east to Kongka La, which is almost the eastern edge of Aksai Chin. There is another route that goes from Hot Spring northwards to the source of the Galwan river.

“What people don’t realise is that in 1962 when we established the Galwan Post, it was 80 km upstream. And the route that we took was from Hot Springs,” he said.

“So from Hot Springs we approached the source of the Galwan river. We actually went and established the post in 1962 behind the Chinese. The direct access to Aksai Chin is from DBO and Galwan and hence the Chinese are very sensitive,” he added.

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On 6 July 1962, the Chinese spotted the Gorkhas and reported this to their headquarters.

Four days later, about 350 Chinese troops advanced to the Indian post manned by about 30 soldiers. They closed in at approximately 45 m from the post and encircled it. Records show that on the night of 12 July, the Chinese came within 15 m of the post.

Despite being outnumbered, the Gorkhas stood their ground under Naik Subedar Jung Bahadur Gurung. They didn’t open fire as the instructions were clear — open fire only when fired upon.

The Chinese later moved back from the Indian post by about 200 m in what was seen as their attempt to allow the Indian soldiers to go back.

This resulted in the headline, ‘Chinese Troops Withdraw from Galwan Post’.

Also read: Army officer challenges social media ban in HC, calls it ‘arbitrary, unconstitutional’

What happened at Galwan post later

Since the Indian post in Galwan had limited supplies, an attempt was made in the subsequent days to supply food and material to the 30 soldiers by helicopters.

Shiv Kunal Verma, a military historian, wrote in his book, 1962: The War that Wasn’t, that starting 4 October, 5 Jat’s Alpha company under Major S.S. Hasabnis was flown in to the post via Indian Air Force (IAF) helicopters.

“The Gorkhas, having lived cheek by jowl with the Chinese for more than two months, were ferried out by returning Mi-4 helicopters over the next few days,” wrote Verma.

Hasabnis spoke to NDTV in 2012 about the incident, saying “When we were flown into that post we knew we were walking into a death trap.”

He added, “But the 60 had no meaning because more than 2,000 Chinese were around us in circled conditions and not only that, they had a very big ring around us of trenchers, morchas, communication weapons and they used to show their weapons and the jawans used to say, ‘saab yeh to haath baandh ke bhi ayenge to hum inko kahi nahi le jaa sakte (Even if they come with their hands tied, we can’t take them anywhere)’. Even our jawans were making a joke out of it.”

Hasabnis’ post was overrun in an hour on 20 October, the first day of the 1962 war. He was taken prisoner and had been in a prisoner of war (PoW) camp for seven months.

His son, Lt Gen S.S. Hasabnis, is now the Deputy Chief of the Army Staff, Planning and Systems.

Why was the Forward Policy devised?

Writing about Nehru government’s Forward Policy, acclaimed lawyer and political commentator A.G. Noorani said in 1970: “Few episodes in Sino-Indian relationship have aroused greater controversy than the ‘forward policy’ adopted by India towards the close of 1961. It has been cited variously in explanation, mitigation or justification of China’s military attack in October 1962.”

In his review of three books written on the 1962 war — Himalayan Blunder by Brigadier J.P. Dalvi, The Untold Story by Lt Gen B.M. Kaul, The Guilty Men of 1962 by D.R. Mankekar — Noorani wrote that the policy has been criticised within India itself as a typical case of allowing domestic political considerations to override those of national security.

With regard to patrolling, Noorani noted, Nehru approved the Army’s proposal to dispatch regular patrols “up to the frontier claimed by the Chinese according to their 1952 map”. The instructions were issued in December 1960 but weren’t implemented for some time due to lack of resources.

However, the Chinese remained active and spread even beyond the 1956 claim line in Ladakh and set up new posts and constructed roads linking them to rear bases.

“This advance and India’s apparent helplessness added to the mounting domestic criticism of Nehru’s entire policy towards China. The Forward Policy was devised in response to both the advance and criticism,” Noorani wrote.

Kaul, in his book that Noorani described as “laboured attempt at self-exculpation”, said Nehru stressed in the autumn of 1961 that whoever succeeded in establishing even a symbolic post would establish a claim to that territory.

“The whole basis of Forward Policy was the assumption that ‘China was unlikely to wage war with India’. When Mr Nehru thought of war, he always thought of total war and not limited war,” Kaul wrote.

In his book, Mankekar said the Army HQ directed its Western and Eastern Command to patrol as close as possible to the international border to establish additional posts to prevent the Chinese from advancing further and to also dominate any Chinese posts already established in Indian territory.

Records show the message also said, “This Forward Policy shall be carried out without getting involved in a clash with the Chinese unless it becomes necessary in self-defence.”

Also read: India to ignore Chinese objections, invite Australia for Malabar naval exercise

Former 14 Corps Commander Lt. Gen. P.J.S. Pannu tells ThePrint China’s LAC action came after joint exercise with India, like Pakistan attacked Kargil despite confidence-building measures.

The Leh-headquartered 14 Corps is the only corps in the Indian Army that faces both Pakistan and China. The world’s highest battlefield Siachen falls under its purview.

In an exclusive interview to ThePrint, Pannu said back then in 1999, the Pakistani Army was planning an attack on India despite multiple confidence-building measures taken in the months before it.

He added that the standoff with China was a surprise because both armies had held a joint “hand-in-hand” military exercise just months ago in December.

“When the two armies are doing an exercise as part of the confidence-building measures and one is planning to launch an attack on the other, it is a similar story as Kargil when the Pakistani Army soldiers, in the guise of freedom fighters, were planning to occupy areas in Kargil, despite the past confidence-building

Months before the Kargil conflict broke out, then Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee and his Pakistani counterpart Nawaz Sharif had also hugged each other at the Wagah border, during the former’s visit to Lahore.

Also read: Here’s how Army is getting 30,000 additional troops winter-ready in Ladakh

‘Borders are better if policed’

The former 14 Corps Commander also brought out the difference between the Line of Control (LoC) with Pakistan and the LAC with China. At the LAC, he said, the two armies do not defend borders but dominate them.

“You dominate through patrolling and therefore you talk about patrol points,” he said. “If you were defending, it would become the LoC, where the troops will be eyeball to eyeball 24×7 and all 365 days.”

Asked if Ladakh should have an additional permanent division, he said the answer was “yes and no”.

“To go in for a force accretion is easy, but the consequences would amount to asking your adversaries to build up,” he said. “So when the build-up happens on both sides, you are militarising the area as mirror movements will happen.”

He, however, said with two nuclear armed nations, “it is not desirable” to militarise the borders to a point that could result in a military accident and disaster more easily.

The former corps commander also said these borders are better policed as opposed to hardcore military deployment, but added that policing can only happen when there is better understanding and maturity between the two.

“It can only happen to settle the boundary question amicably so that there is no ambiguity in the understanding of the two militaries on the border alignment,” Pannu said.

Also read: Chinese troops yet to return to pre-April positions, Army says LAC disengagement ‘intricate’

‘For Chinese, coming in during winter is more convenient’

Pannu, who has served in the area in 2016-17, said the terrain on the Chinese side of the LAC gave their troops an advantage as the ground is not only more open but also has thin snow levels. He added that the Chinese have built better infrastructure and have been doing so over a period of time.

“As a result, armed and other vehicles that are centrally heated can come in more quickly. During the winters, it hardly snows in that area,” he said. “So, their side of the passes are always open and to that extent, their chances of coming into those areas during winters is more convenient and more possible.”

On the Indian side, however, he added, snow levels are more and the areas are hilly, resulting in Indian troops having to navigate tougher terrain and weather. Therefore, Pannu said, the Indian Army is better equipped to sustain in such high-altitude areas having an advantage over the PLA.

“Mountains favour the defender… our troops are located on high ranges,” he added.

To fight a conventional battle in the mountains, the former corps commander said, both sides will have to build huge infrastructure because of the complications of fighting in high altitude.

‘Interpretation difficulties prolong corps commanders’ meets’

In the backdrop of the recent Indian and Chinese corps commanders’ meetings, one of which lasted nearly 15 hours, Pannu said if both spoke the same language, the duration would be reduced to half or even to one third of the time.

“The Chinese speak in metaphors. When you convert metaphoric language into direct language, you can miss something said or unsaid,” he said.

The discussions do not usually always take place on one map, he said.

“The Chinese have their own maps and we do not agree with how they are made and the lines drawn. To start talking the same thing at the same level of understanding takes very long, therefore making the reference to the same points on ground takes a long time,” he said.

According to Pannu, the Chinese often talk about historical records and keep pulling out maps after maps, even misquoting Indian Army senior officers’ past statements to keep substantiating their point of view.

They often keep justifying action of troops, covering up their miscalculations made by their own subordinate commanders on ground, he said.

“In the absence of an overwatch, which itself is not a good idea, the two Asian nations should sort out the disagreements between themselves amicably and in a mature way,” he said.

“If all of a sudden you increase the frequency of patrols, they would get rattled and come to the hotline and ask why we are sending a patrol everyday or every second day,” he said.

Pannu also said retrograde operations are always more complicated.

“There is a trust deficit between the two sides on ground and a military commander on ground would not want to leave the ground to be occupied by the opponent,” he said.

So there is always going to be a delay because the commanders would want to make sure that there is a clean break between the two opposing forces.

“It is a transition which can take a long time,” Pannu said. “Judgements cannot be made frequently on who is winning or losing. These movements are deliberate, slow and have to be carried with a lot of caution.”

Also read: China Study Group, the elite Indian govt body that guides policy on ties with Beijing

We often want to think positively, but we are behaving negatively. Mind and body are in opposition. You want to be happy, but the body is on a different programme because the bondaged sub-conscious has been programmed to do so. This means that you have to change your memorised negative behaviour that is part of your identity. You have to recondition the body to a new mind.

Maj Gen Ravi N Tikku (retd)

Educationist

For him who has conquered the mind, the mind is the best of friends; but for one who has failed to do so, his mind will remain the greatest enemy. — Bhagavad Gita

Are our schools and colleges preparing children for life in today’s bizarre times? We must deepen our connection with life and people. The essence of life is in unity and harmony, your oneness with all, and so is the purpose of true education. Daily, we read of actions and behaviour of youngsters that show an absence of self-regulation, ethics and a sense of social responsibility. Environmental degradation adds to the ‘madness’. In such a scenario, how do we nurture the youth into a balanced person, abiding by harmony?

Education today is synonymous with degrees, securing maximum marks and attractive placements causing avoidable anxiety, even suicides. You need a different kind of resourcefulness to deal with the daunting challenges of life — how you will handle yourself and others. This0 is the new yardstick to assess people. Creativity and innovation seem to flow from ideas with multiple perspectives, albeit coupled with an ‘open mind’ that embraces the new and the unfamiliar. It is then that we keep reinventing ourselves. This promotes personal growth, robust health and higher academic achievement as well. The mind, the most powerful organ of the human body, comes into play. You take charge of the mind, you end up taking charge of your life, and a mindful journey begins from within.

How do we organise and empower the mind? You, your mind, closed the door; only you, your mind, can open that door to understand the nature of mind and what is happening inside it. We are living in patterns and habits, and following recurrent pathways daily. The first step is to clear the mind of all negative thoughts and develop new paradigms that are in harmony with the reality we want. We must not stop there, otherwise, it will not metamorphose into a journey.

Think of your mind as having two parts. The conscious or logical mind that controls five per cent of your life, is creative and open to choices in life. It is a thin veneer of awareness covering a more powerful subconscious or habit mind, the part responsible for habits, beliefs, and behaviours that works on autopilot. It stores all the past life experiences or impressions and the appropriate one is recalled in response to a given situation. Ninety five per cent of your life is an expression of the programmes in the sub-conscious.

The point of concern is that most of the past impressions take root when you are still a child, with your mental capacity and judgement seriously limited. This biological blueprint carries socially unacceptable painful emotions and traumatic memories that disempower you, cause anxiety and block you from doing what you are now capable of.

We often want to think positively, but we are behaving negatively. Mind and body are in opposition. You want to be happy, but the body is on a different programme because the bondaged sub-conscious has been programmed to do so. This means that you have to change your memorised negative behaviour that is part of your identity. You have to recondition the body to a new mind, where tools like meditation, self-enquiry and contemplation do not allow the thoughts to overwhelm you. These practices entail a change of your being, a creation of a new personal reality that thinks, feels and acts afresh. Let us change in a state of joy and inspiration rather than allow a calamity to happen. You just have to awaken to who you truly are to empower yourself.

True education can only begin out of a foundation of self-awareness, the indispensable key to self-discovery. It gives a new perspective outside the constant I, Me and Mine syndrome of the ego. Once there, there is an opportunity for real change. You then develop a holistic approach to learning, one that seeks to open the mind, nurture the spirit and awaken the heart. There is an alignment between what you think, what you say and what you do. You evolve and develop an outlook, a nazariya, of viewing the world inside out. There is balance and harmony in your behaviour and relationships at work, at home and at play.

An uplifted mind acts with a purpose and rejuvenates your power to create. The senses are withdrawn and the ego is subdued. You can now indulge in self-talk and transform negative emotions in the sub-conscious mind.

There is another powerful instrument of mindfulness, an awareness of living in the moment. We must practice to arouse the seed of mindfulness present in all of us in the sub-conscious to sprout and help us to change the negative impressions with one-pointed concentration and breath control, and at the same time, water the neighbouring seeds of positive emotions of compassion, care and love.

In life, we are feeding ourselves with impressions all the time. We exercise selectivity and choice in all our transactions, be it grocery items, clothes, cuisine, seeing films or visiting restaurants. Why not do the same with our impressions? There are various ways to entertain positive thoughts, such as proximity to nature, music, poetry and inspirational reading — tonic for the mind and the soul. Excellent de-stressors, they help us to live in the moment with conscious attention, imbibe a feeling of unity in diversity and oneness of creation. This develops a sense of wonder, sensibility and sensitivity towards the beauty of things around us. There is enthusiasm and positivity in whatever we do.

A healthy mind in a healthy body is the key to happiness, our true nature.