With an aim to enhance joint operational readiness, the Army and Indian Air Force (IAF) conducted a ‘deep strike’ capabilities exercise in Jammu region. During the exercise, IAF helicopters airlifted troops from a location in Jammu and deployed them in..

With an aim to enhance joint operational readiness, the Army and Indian Air Force (IAF) conducted a ‘deep strike’ capabilities exercise in Jammu region.

During the exercise, IAF helicopters airlifted troops from a location in Jammu and deployed them in areas with dense vegetation and thick undergrowth—terrain where several past encounters between soldiers and terrorists have taken place.

An Army official stated, “In a significant step towards enhancing joint operational readiness, the Army and the Indian Air Force conducted an integrated training exercise under the aegis of Tiger Division, Jammu. The training aimed to foster seamless coordination between ground troops and aerial assets, a critical factor in modern warfare. The exercise provided a platform to refine swift troop deployment behind enemy lines, aerial manoeuvers, and precision target engagement, ensuring preparedness for real-time operational challenges.”

The specialised training involved IAF helicopters executing the airlift of troops from a mounting base, successfully inserting them into a designated area. “Following their insertion, the troops carried out a well-coordinated assault in a simulated combat scenario. This high-tempo exercise showcased the synergy between the two forces and underscored the strategic importance of air mobility in modern combat operations,” the official added.

He further stated that such integrated training reinforces joint operational capabilities and fosters a deeper understanding of each service’s operational dynamics. “The exercise not only strengthened coordination between the Army and Air Force but also enhanced the tactical proficiency of troops in executing complex missions.”

Another official highlighted, “The Tiger Division and the Indian Air Force demonstrated seamless coordination in a heliborne exercise aimed at enhancing deep-strike capabilities.” The exercise, which also involved surveillance operations and firepower tactics, continued over several days.

In recent weeks, Jammu division has witnessed multiple incidents along the LoC, including an IED explosion triggered by Pakistan-trained terrorists, which claimed the lives of two soldiers.

The BSF has ordered additional manpower as part of its measures to strengthen the anti-infiltration grid and check the intrusion of drones carrying ammunition or drugs

The BSF has ordered mobilisation of additional manpower at posts along the India-Pakistan border in Punjab and Jammu as part of its measures to strengthen the anti-infiltration grid and check the intrusion of drones carrying ammunition or drugs, official sources said Monday.

The sources said that the Western Command of the Border Security Force headquartered in Chandigarh has also directed for setting up of nine “tactical” headquarters along the front in these two regions with the maximum intelligence and operations paraphernalia being “shifted” here under the monitoring of a newly created control room.

A tactical or ‘tac headquarter’ is a forward base which is closer to the border, just near the border post, and ahead of the battalion base in the rear.

The ‘tac headquarter’, as per the sources, will also have the presence of one senior commander from all verticals including the commanding officer (CO) of the battalion whose unit is deployed at these vulnerable border posts, the sources said.

Directions have also been issued to mobilise “maximum” manpower of the force to border guarding units all across these two regions after shifting them from the battalion headquarters, they said.

Sources in the security establishment said the measure had been taken late last week keeping in mind the “vulnerability and the constant threat” to these border areas from the point of view of cross-border infiltration and drone flights emanating from Pakistan.

“The directions mandate these steps to be taken immediately,” a senior officer based in Punjab said.

However, officials said that asking the commanding officers to be present at their respective tac headquarters “all the time” will lead to command and administration issues.

The CO of a battalion is responsible for multiple companies and units that are deployed wide across and such an officer has to be moving across their different units rather than stationed at one place 24X7, BSF field officials said.

The BSF is tasked to guard the 2,289 km-long India-Pakistan International Border that runs across Jammu and Kashmir in the north to Punjab, Rajasthan and Gujarat along the western flank of the country. The Punjab frontier of the force guards 553 km of this boundary while the Jammu frontier is responsible for guarding 191.66 km of the IB part from 40.07 km of the Line of Control (LoC).

In Punjab, the BSF recovered a total of 294 drones and seized about 283 kg of heroin last year. Most of these unmanned flying devices were made in China. In 2023, the drone seizure at this front was 107.

The force also killed four Pakistani intruders, and nabbed 161 Indian smugglers along with 30 Pakistani nationals from the Punjab border last year.

The Indian defence sector is advancing self-reliance through a combination of innovation and sustainability initiatives.

India’s aerospace sector is experiencing significant growth, driven by its focus on indigenous development and manufacturing of military aircraft and helicopters. This includes advancements in fighter jets, transport aircraft, and rotorcraft, which support both defence and civil operations.

India has made notable progress in producing indigenous fighter aircraft. The HF-24 Marut was the first indigenous supersonic jet fighter, developed in collaboration with German engineers. More recently, the TEJAS (Light Combat Aircraft) program has been successful, with over 300 units ordered by the Indian Air Force (IAF).

The Advanced Medium Combat Aircraft (AMCA) is a fifth-generation stealth fighter currently under development. It aims to provide the IAF with advanced stealth capabilities and is part of India’s pursuit of self-reliance in defence manufacturing.

Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) has been involved in the production of various helicopters, contributing significantly to India’s rotorcraft capabilities.

India has also gained experience through the licensed production of foreign aircraft like the MiG-21, Su-30MKI, and Jaguar, enhancing its manufacturing capabilities.

Innovation For Self-Reliance

Indigenous Manufacturing: India aims to increase domestic production of defence equipment, with a focus on manufacturing major platforms like aircraft, submarines, and tanks. For instance, the Tata Aircraft Complex in Gujarat will produce C-295 transport aircraft for the Indian Air Force, with plans to manufacture 40 out of 56 aircraft domestically by 2031.

India has been focusing on domestic manufacturing through initiatives like Make in India and Atmanirbhar Bharat. This includes developing indigenous defence technologies such as missiles (Agni, BrahMos), aircraft (Tejas, AMCA), and tanks (Arjun).

Policy Reforms: The government has introduced policies like the Atmanirbhar Bharat initiative and Make in India, which encourage domestic manufacturing and reduce reliance on imports. The Defence Acquisition Procedure 2020 and increased FDI limits are also designed to enhance private sector participation.

Strategic Partnerships: India is fostering partnerships with countries like the U.S., Russia, France, and Israel to facilitate technology transfer and co-development of defence systems.

Increased Budget Allocation: The defence budget for 2025-26 has been increased by 9.5% to ₹6,81,210 Crores, with a significant focus on capital expenditure for indigenous production.

Innovations for Defence Excellence (iDEX): Launched in 2018, iDEX fosters innovation by engaging industries, start-ups, and academia. It provides grants to develop technologies that can be adopted by the Indian defence sector.

Defence Research And Development Organisation (DRDO): DRDO plays a crucial role in developing indigenous defence technologies, including key projects like missiles and aircraft.

Public-Private Partnerships: The Strategic Partnership Model allows private companies to collaborate with foreign firms to build major defence platforms, enhancing domestic production capabilities.

Strategic Focus

Space-Based Reconnaissance: India is expanding its space-based reconnaissance capabilities to enhance strategic surveillance and intelligence gathering.

Satellite Communication: The development of advanced satellite communication systems supports both military and civil operations, ensuring reliable and secure communication networks.

Anti-Satellite Capabilities: India has demonstrated its anti-satellite missile capabilities, marking a significant milestone in its space defence program. This capability is crucial for maintaining strategic superiority in modern warfare.

Sustainability In Defence

Green Defence Budget: There is an increasing emphasis on integrating sustainability into defence production. This involves using renewable energy sources, reducing waste, and adopting environmentally friendly materials to minimize the carbon footprint of defence manufacturing.

Energy Efficiency And Renewable Energy: Defence facilities are encouraged to use solar and wind power to reduce dependence on fossil fuels, thereby lowering emissions.

Circular Economy Practices: Implementing recycling, repair, and reuse of equipment can help reduce waste and enhance resource utilization in the defence sector.

Sustainable Supply Chains: Encouraging suppliers to adopt green practices and integrating sustainability criteria into procurement processes can further enhance environmental stewardship in defence operations.

Future Directions

Boosting investments in research and development will be crucial for advancing next-generation technologies like AI, Quantum computing, and Hypersonic weapons.

The Ministry of Defence has designated 2025 as the ‘Year of Reforms’, indicating significant policy changes to support self-reliance and innovation.

Strengthening defence diplomacy through exports and strategic alliances will help position India as a key player in the global defence market.

India is currently facing significant challenges in selecting its next manned fighter aircraft, with a recent offer from both Russia and the U.S. to acquire F-35 & Su-57 stealth fighters adding to the complexity. Simultaneously, a breakthrough in indigenous defence technology has been achieved with the successful flight test of the Sheshnaag-150, a long-range collaborative attack swarming drone developed by NewSpace Research Technologies (NRT). This system is designed for coordinated swarm attacks, capable of overwhelming enemy defences and executing precision strikes.

The Sheshnaag-150, developed by NewSpace Research Technologies (NRT), represents a significant advancement in autonomous drone technology, specifically designed for coordinated swarm attacks. This system is part of a broader family of intelligent swarming systems aimed at overwhelming enemy defences through precision strikes. With an operational range exceeding 1,000 km and an endurance of over 5 hours, the Sheshnaag-150 can loiter over target areas, providing real-time surveillance and strategic attack options. The drone’s capability to carry warheads weighing between 25-40 kg enables it to inflict substantial damage on enemy infrastructure, vehicles, or personnel.

Beyond its physical capabilities, the Sheshnaag-150’s true strength lies in its sophisticated software and electronic systems. These enable the drones to operate with minimal human intervention, autonomously identifying, tracking, and engaging enemy targets. The system supports a variety of missions, including Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) and electronic warfare (EW) operations. This versatility makes the Sheshnaag-150 a valuable asset for modern warfare, capable of executing complex tasks with precision and speed.

The development of the Sheshnaag-150 marks a significant leap forward in autonomous warfare technology, offering military forces enhanced capabilities in complex combat environments. By leveraging swarm tactics and advanced AI, these drones can overwhelm adversaries, creating a force multiplier effect in critical operations. The integration of such systems into India’s defence strategy is poised to transform the way combat missions are planned and executed, ensuring readiness for future warfare challenges.

Sheshnaag-150 has over 1,000 km range with an endurance of more than 5 hours, allowing it to loiter over target areas for extended periods. The drone can carry 25-40 kg warheads, enabling significant damage to enemy infrastructure. The drone is equipped with AI systems for autonomous operations, enabling it to identify, track, and engage targets with minimal human intervention. It supports Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) and electronic warfare (EW) operations.

In the context of border security, the Sheshnaag-150 could play a crucial role in monitoring high-altitude regions during stand-off. A swarm of these drones could be deployed to identify adversary troop movements in real-time, enabling rapid response to potential incursions. If an incursion is detected, the drones could autonomously engage enemy positions, neutralising threats before they escalate into full-scale confrontations. This capability minimises risks to Indian soldiers while maintaining a strong defensive posture along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China and the Line of Control (LoC) with Pakistan.

Beyond border security, the Sheshnaag-150 could be utilised for pre-emptive counter-terror operations in hostile areas. If intelligence suggests an impending terror attack, a drone swarm could be dispatched to track and eliminate high-value targets in remote hideouts. The drones could conduct coordinated strikes on terror camps, ammunition depots, or infiltration routes, effectively disrupting enemy networks. Additionally, their electronic warfare capabilities could jam enemy communications, further degrading their ability to coordinate attacks.

The integration of advanced AI-based technologies in the Sheshnaag-150 enhances its mission effectiveness, allowing for additional roles such as Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR). This adaptability makes the Sheshnaag-150 a versatile asset for various strategic scenarios, including gathering critical intelligence and performing reconnaissance missions. As NRT continues to refine and enhance the capabilities of the Sheshnaag series, it is poised to become a key player in reshaping the dynamics of modern aerial combat, offering military forces enhanced capabilities in an increasingly complex and challenging environment.

The Sheshnaag-150 is poised to address the deep strike needs of the Indian Army, Air Force, and Navy. As the Indian armed forces face conventional capability gaps and budgetary constraints, the potential for swarming systems like the Sheshnaag-150 is significant. An Indian Air Force (IAF) officer, briefed on the Sheshnaag-150 at Aero India 2025, noted that there is always a need for platforms that can create a combat mass with diverse payloads and attack options. This sentiment underscores the strategic value of the Sheshnaag-150 in modern warfare, particularly in its ability to conduct autonomous operations with minimal human intervention, enhancing the military’s operational flexibility and effectiveness.

The Sheshnaag-150 is designed for coordinated swarm attacks, allowing multiple drones to overwhelm enemy defences and execute precision strikes. With a range of over 1000 km and an endurance of over 5 hours, it can loiter over target areas, providing real-time surveillance and strategic attack options. The drone’s ability to carry 25-40 kg warheads enables it to inflict significant damage on enemy infrastructure, vehicles, or personnel, making it a formidable asset in attritable warfare.

The Sheshnaag-150 is being developed internally by the start-up and will be pitched for the certain deep strike swarm-based needs of the Army, Air Force and the Navy.  The system is potentially deployable along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) with China and the Line of Control (LoC) with Pakistan for border security and counter-terror operations.

Integration Challenges

Integrating the Sheshnaag-150 into the Indian military’s existing infrastructure poses several challenges:

1. Interoperability And Integration

Ensuring seamless communication and coordination between the Sheshnaag-150 and existing military systems, such as command and control networks, sensors, and other drones, will be crucial. This requires standardising protocols and interfaces to avoid duplication and ensure interoperability. Existing bases and facilities might need upgrades to accommodate the unique requirements of the Sheshnaag-150, such as specialised maintenance and storage facilities.

2. Operational Training And Doctrine

Developing comprehensive training programs for operators to effectively utilise the autonomous capabilities of the Sheshnaag-150 will be essential. This includes understanding its swarm tactics and autonomous decision-making processes. Integrating the Sheshnaag-150 into existing military doctrines will require updates to operational strategies and tactics, ensuring that its capabilities are fully leveraged in various scenarios.

3. Cybersecurity And Data Management

Protecting the communication networks used by the Sheshnaag-150 from cyber threats is vital. This involves implementing robust encryption and secure data transmission protocols. Managing and integrating the vast amounts of data generated by the Sheshnaag-150’s surveillance and reconnaissance capabilities into existing intelligence systems will be a challenge.

4. Strategic And Tactical Adaptation

Adapting existing tactical strategies to effectively utilise the Sheshnaag-150’s capabilities in various combat scenarios, such as border security and counter-terrorism operations, will be essential. Understanding the strategic implications of deploying autonomous swarming drones like the Sheshnaag-150, including potential escalations and diplomatic repercussions, is crucial for effective integration.

Addressing these challenges will be key to successfully integrating the Sheshnaag-150 into India’s military infrastructure and maximising its operational effectiveness.

The development of the Sheshnaag-150 marks a significant milestone in India’s autonomous warfare capabilities. By leveraging advanced AI-based technologies, these drones can perform Intelligence, Surveillance, and Reconnaissance (ISR) roles, enhancing mission effectiveness and adaptability in various strategic contexts. The integration of the Sheshnaag series into India’s defence strategy is expected to transform combat mission planning and execution, preparing the military for future warfare challenges.

The formation of a cost negotiation committee (CNC) is underway to expedite the Indian Navy’s Project 75 (India), which aims to build six advanced diesel-electric submarines. This project aligns with the Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan, a national initiative to enhance self-reliance in defence manufacturing.

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The CNC will comprise officials from the Ministry of Defence (MoD), the Indian Navy, Defence Finance, and representatives from Mazagon Dockyard Limited (MDL), which will lead the project in a strategic partnership with ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (TKMS) of Germany.

Project 75 (India), also known as P-75(I), is an extension of the earlier Project 75, which involved building Scorpene-class submarines. The new project seeks to procure submarines with advanced features such as Air-Independent Propulsion (AIP) systems, which allow submarines to stay underwater for longer periods. The project has faced delays due to bureaucratic issues and tendering complexities but is crucial for enhancing India’s submarine capabilities.

The CNC’s formation is a step towards finalising the project’s costs and moving forward with the construction process, which is expected to take several years. The involvement of MDL and TKMS under the Make in India initiative underscores the government’s commitment to indigenising defence manufacturing while leveraging international expertise.

The project must align with the objectives of the Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan, which emphasises self-reliance and indigenous production. This means that the project should contribute significantly to India’s ability to produce its own submarines in the future.

Historically Germans are not known for sharing such extensive knowledge in defence programmes, so the successful implementation of the strategic partnership model is will be seen as significant.

TKMS is required to transfer 100% of the necessary technology to India. This includes both commercial and technical aspects, ensuring that India gains comprehensive knowledge to design and build submarines independently in the future.

The project mandates a significant level of Indian content in the submarines. The requirement is for 45% indigenous content in the first submarine and 60% in the last one, ensuring that Indian industries are involved and benefited throughout the process.

The project aims to build six advanced submarines with air-independent propulsion (AIP) systems, enhancing the Indian Navy’s underwater capabilities. AIP allows submarines to stay submerged for extended periods, significantly improving stealth and operational effectiveness.

Past projects, like the Scorpene-class submarines, faced significant delays and cost overruns. The success of Project 75I will depend on avoiding such issues while ensuring the transfer of technology and adherence to the Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan.

The contract for six Scorpene submarines was signed in 2005 with DCNS (now Naval Group), France, valued at ₹18,706 Crores.

The cost eventually rose to about ₹23,000 Crores, reflecting a significant escalation from the original estimate. The first submarine, INS Kalvari, was inducted in 2017 instead of the planned 2012. The last submarine, INS Vagsheer, was commissioned in January 2024, instead of the planned completion by 2017 for all six.

Despite the project’s aim to enhance indigenous capabilities, there was minimal technology transfer from the French company, with less than 3% of the technology being indigenous by value.

The experience with P75 has raised concerns for future projects like Project 75I, which aims to build more advanced submarines with significant indigenous content.

Plans are underway to build three more Scorpene-class submarines with increased indigenous content, including a combat management system made in India by Bharat Electronics Limited (BEL). These new submarines will integrate the DRDO-developed Air Independent Propulsion (AIP) system to enhance operational capabilities.

In contrast, Project 77 focuses on developing nuclear-powered attack submarines, highlighting India’s broader efforts to modernise its naval capabilities through both conventional and nuclear submarine projects.

Security forces on Monday launched a search operation at multiple places near the Line of Control in Poonch district, police officials said. Acting on inputs about suspicious movement, special operations group of local police and troops of the Central Reserve…

Security forces on Monday launched a search operation at multiple places near the Line of Control in Poonch district, police officials said.

Acting on inputs about suspicious movement, special operations group of local police and troops of the Central Reserve Police Force (CRPF) jointly cordoned off Phamarnar, Kiker Morh, Jabdan Gali and Harni in Gursai and Brella and Kasbalari in Mendhar and Bafliaz forest in Surankote, the officials said.

The search operation was underway when last reports were received, they said.

Security forces have intensified anti-terrorist operations across Jammu region over the past few weeks to neutralise terrorists, who have managed to sneak into this side from across the border last year and are believed to be hiding in the dense forests in higher reaches.

This vote against the Ukrainian and European-backed resolution saw the US at odds with its longtime European allies and instead aligning with Russia on the third anniversary of Moscow’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, as per CNN.

New York [US], February 25 (ANI): The United States, in a surprising shift from its previous stance, voted alongside Russia against a UN General Assembly resolution condemning Russia’s war against Ukraine on Monday, as reported by CNN.

This vote against the Ukrainian and European-backed resolution saw the US at odds with its longtime European allies and instead aligning with Russia on the third anniversary of Moscow’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine, as per CNN.

It came as the Trump administration has pursued discussions with Moscow about ending the war, with US President Donald Trump has ratcheted up his rhetoric towards Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy.

The resolution was adopted by the General Assembly with 93 votes in favor. It notes “with concern the full-scale invasion of Ukraine by the Russian Federation has persisted for three years and continues to have devastating and long-lasting consequences not only for Ukraine but also for other regions and global stability” and “calls for a de-escalation, an early cessation of hostilities and a peaceful resolution of the war against Ukraine.”

The US had introduced a rival General Assembly resolution, which did not call Russia the aggressor or acknowledge Ukraine’s territorial integrity, CNN reported.

It “implores a swift end to the conflict and further urges a lasting peace between Ukraine and Russia.” It mourns “the tragic loss of life throughout the Russia-Ukraine conflict” and reiterates “the principal purpose of the United Nations, as expressed in the United Nations Charter, is to maintain international peace and security and to peacefully settle disputes,” per CNN.

The US is expected to introduce the same draft resolution at the UN Security Council later on Monday (local time).

Prior to the vote in the General Assembly, Ambassador Dorothy Shea, the Charge d’Affaires at the US Mission to the UN, had urged “all Member States, including Ukraine and Russia” to back the resolution.

“A simple, historic statement from the General Assembly that looks forward, not backwards. A resolution focused on one, simple idea: Ending the war. A path to peace is possible,” she said.

“Mr. President, that is why the United States opposed putting forward another resolution. And that is why we cannot support Ukraine’s resolution, and we urge its withdrawal in favor of a strong statement committing us to end the war and work towards lasting peace,” Shea said.

The US ended up abstaining from the vote for its own resolution at the General Assembly after several amendments were passed ahead of the vote to strengthen the language against Russia and reaffirm Ukraine’s territorial integrity. (ANI)

(The story has come from a syndicated feed and has not been edited by the Tribune Staff.)

Modi raised Tejas engine delays with Trump

Ajay Banerjee Tribune News Service

The Ministry of Defence (MoD) has set up a high-powered committee to address delays in the production of Tejas fighter jets, with privatisation being considered as a possible solution. The panel has been tasked with recommending ways to accelerate production, including greater private sector involvement.

Currently, state-run Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) is contracted to manufacture 83 Tejas Mark 1A jets, but deliveries have been delayed by over a year. A major reason for the delay is the failure of US company General Electric (GE) to supply the F-404 engines that power the Tejas.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi has personally raised the issue with US President Donald Trump. “The delayed delivery of GE engines was taken up during Prime Minister Modi’s visit. We remain engaged with the US side on all aspects relating to contracted defence articles, including timely deliveries,” Ministry of External Affairs spokesperson Randhir Jaiswal said on Friday.

To address these challenges, Defence Minister Rajnath Singh constituted a five-member expert committee in early February, led by Defence Secretary Rajesh Kumar Singh. The panel includes the Secretary of Defence Production, the Vice Chief of the Indian Air Force (IAF) and the Chairman of HAL. It has been given a one-month deadline to submit recommendations on expediting the Tejas Mark 1A’s induction.

The urgency of the situation was highlighted by IAF Chief Air Chief Marshal AP Singh, who recently questioned HAL’s ability to meet production deadlines. He also expressed dissatisfaction with the “incomplete” Tejas Mark 1A jet presented to him.

At Aero India 2024 (Feb 10-14, Bangalore), HAL had assured that it would complete production of all 83 Tejas Mark 1A jets within the next three and a half years. Responding to criticism, HAL Chairman DK Sunil stated that the company remains focused on delivering the jets to the IAF at the earliest rather than engaging in debates over the program’s delays.

The MoD’s latest initiative signals a push to resolve bottlenecks and ensure the timely deployment of India’s indigenous fighter jets.

Sharing A Proud and Privileged Moment
In my recent visit to Delhi had the honor of having lunch with the Chief of the Army Staff in his office, along with fellow regimental officers. As a proud member of JAK RIF, it was truly special to meet and bless one of my regimental juniors, whom I have known for a long time, now leading the Indian Army as COAS.
His humility, deep respect for veterans, and unwavering commitment to the force make him an exceptional leader. He has always hosted me with great warmth and regard, reaffirming the strong bonds of our regimental brotherhood.
Wishing him continued success in leading the Army with strength and wisdom!

I took this opportunity to present him the book “The Japji of Guru Nanak “ and was honored to receive a Memento from him which will always fine a place of pride in our home

Army Chief General Upendra Dwivedi has embarked on a five-day official visit to France from February 24 to February 27, 2025. This trip aims to enhance bilateral military cooperation between India and France.

General Dwivedi is scheduled to engage in discussions with his French counterpart, focusing on strengthening defence ties.

Exploration of Defence Industries: The Army Chief will also explore opportunities for collaboration with various French defence industries.

As part of the visit, General Dwivedi will pay respects at memorials dedicated to Indian soldiers who fought in World War I, including laying a wreath at the Neuve-Chapelle Memorial and the Indian Memorial at Villers-Guislain.